281 research outputs found
Analyzing and evaluating the energy efficiency based on multi-5G small cells with a mm-waves in the next generation cellular networks
This paper evaluates the impact of multi-5G small cell systems on the energy efficiency (EE) in a Fifth Generation (5G) of cellular networks. Both the proposed model and the analysis of the EE in this study take into account (i) the path losses, fading, and shadowing that affect the received signal at the user equipment (UE) within the same cell, and (ii) the interference effects of adjacent cells. In addition, the concepts of new technologies such as large MIMO in millimeter range communication have also been considered. The simulation results show that the interference from adjacent cells can degrade the EE of a multi-cell cellular network. With the high interference the number of bits that will be transferred per joule of energy is 1.29 Mb/J with a 0.25 GHz bandwidth and 16 transmit antennas. While, with a 1 GHz bandwidth the transfer rate increases to 5.17 Mb/J. Whereas, with 64 transmit antennas the EE improved to 5.17 Mb/J with a 0.25 GHz BW and 20.70 Mb/J with a 1 GHz BW. These results provide insight into the impact of the number of antennas in millimeter range communication and the interference from adjacent cells on achieving real gains in the EE of multi-5G small cells cellular network
Energy Efficiency and Coverage Trade-Off in 5G for Eco-Friendly and Sustainable Cellular Networks
Recently, cellular networks’ energy efficiency has garnered research interest from academia
and industry because of its considerable economic and ecological effects in the near future. This study
proposes an approach to cooperation between the Long-Term Evolution (LTE) and next-generation
wireless networks. The fifth-generation (5G) wireless network aims to negotiate a trade-off between
wireless network performance (sustaining the demand for high speed packet rates during busy traffic
periods) and energy efficiency (EE) by alternating 5G base stations’ (BSs) switching off/on based
on the traffic instantaneous load condition and, at the same time, guaranteeing network coverage
for mobile subscribers by the remaining active LTE BSs. The particle swarm optimization (PSO)
algorithm was used to determine the optimum criteria of the active LTE BSs (transmission power,
total antenna gain, spectrum/channel bandwidth, and signal-to-interference-noise ratio) that achieves
maximum coverage for the entire area during the switch-off session of 5G BSs. Simulation results
indicate that the energy savings can reach 3.52 kW per day, with a maximum data rate of up to
22.4 Gbps at peak traffic hours and 80.64 Mbps during a 5G BS switched-off session along with
guaranteed full coverage over the entire region by the remaining active LTE BSs
Machine Learning Algorithms for Smart Data Analysis in Internet of Things Environment: Taxonomies and Research Trends
Machine learning techniques will contribution towards making Internet of Things (IoT)
symmetric applications among the most significant sources of new data in the future. In this context,
network systems are endowed with the capacity to access varieties of experimental symmetric data
across a plethora of network devices, study the data information, obtain knowledge, and make
informed decisions based on the dataset at its disposal. This study is limited to supervised and
unsupervised machine learning (ML) techniques, regarded as the bedrock of the IoT smart data
analysis. This study includes reviews and discussions of substantial issues related to supervised
and unsupervised machine learning techniques, highlighting the advantages and limitations of each
algorithm, and discusses the research trends and recommendations for further study
Survey of Green Radio Communications Networks: Techniques and Recent Advances
Energy efficiency in cellular networks has received significant attention from both academia and industry because of the importance of reducing the operational expenditures and maintaining the profitability of cellular networks, in addition to making these networks "greener. " Because the base station is the primary energy consumer in the network, efforts have been made to study base station energy consumption and to find ways to improve energy efficiency. In this paper, we present a brief review of the techniques that have been used recently to improve energy efficiency, such as energy-efficient power amplifier techniques, time-domain techniques, cell switching, management of the physical layer through multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) management, heterogeneous network architectures based on Micro-Pico-Femtocells, cell zooming, and relay techniques. In addition, this paper discusses the advantages and disadvantages of each technique to contribute to a better understanding of each of the techniques and thereby offer clear insights to researchers about how to choose the best ways to reduce energy consumption in future green radio networks
The Four-C Framework for High Capacity Ultra-Low Latency in 5G Networks: A Review
Network latency will be a critical performance metric for the Fifth Generation (5G) networks
expected to be fully rolled out in 2020 through the IMT-2020 project. The multi-user multiple-input
multiple-output (MU-MIMO) technology is a key enabler for the 5G massive connectivity criterion,
especially from the massive densification perspective. Naturally, it appears that 5G MU-MIMO will
face a daunting task to achieve an end-to-end 1 ms ultra-low latency budget if traditional network
set-ups criteria are strictly adhered to. Moreover, 5G latency will have added dimensions of scalability
and flexibility compared to prior existing deployed technologies. The scalability dimension caters
for meeting rapid demand as new applications evolve. While flexibility complements the scalability
dimension by investigating novel non-stacked protocol architecture. The goal of this review paper
is to deploy ultra-low latency reduction framework for 5G communications considering flexibility
and scalability. The Four (4) C framework consisting of cost, complexity, cross-layer and computing
is hereby analyzed and discussed. The Four (4) C framework discusses several emerging new
technologies of software defined network (SDN), network function virtualization (NFV) and fog
networking. This review paper will contribute significantly towards the future implementation of
flexible and high capacity ultra-low latency 5G communications
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